The Egyptian name for Upper Nubia, the lands beyond the Second Cataract, and in the New Kingdom for the whole southern province the viceroy governed. Its own kingdom, centered at Kerma above the Third Cataract, rivaled Egypt until Thutmose I broke its power; Napata, at Gebel Barkal near the Fourth, became the southern limit of Egyptian rule. From there came gold, ebony, ivory, leopard skins, ostrich feathers, cattle and soldiers for Egypt's armies.
War, diplomacy, and empire
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